Rustlers of Panther Gap :: Essays Papers

Rustlers of Panther GapThe Rustlers of Panther Gap by Gilbert Morris is a Story of a boy who is determined to help his Indian Friends.The kids at school treat Hawk and Robin Leatherwood rotten, just because theyre Indians. When the Buck brothers stand up for their friends, they Become a target, too. Whats heretofore worse, someone is Cutting down Mr. Leatherwoods valuable black walnut Trees and making off with woodThe sheriff and his deputies say theyre doing all They can, scarcely they keep coming up empty-handed. Finally, the Bucks have had enough Somebodys got to Catch the no-good, rotten, sneaky thief, and they figure It might as well be them So Jake hatches a scheme. All Barney has to do is use Joes newest invention-the Amazing flying Solarcycle-to play detective from the AirAbout a week after they had a plan and decided on what they were going to do, more trouble comes along. A couple of no good boys (the Dursleys) start tointerrupt their plans by ruining their Solarcycle and showtime fights with Barney and Jake. But that wont stop them, they decide to take off anyway. One evening after Barney had taken off with the Solarcycle and had cruised around above the trees for somewhat an hour or so, Barney spotted something, he couldnt really get a good view so he decided to move in for a closer look. That was all he needed He spotted the criminals, it was the S******, Barney was shocked Right when he was about to turn around a bullet ripped through the Solarcycles wing. It was too late the Solarcycle was spinning dangerously towards the ground.He hit the ground and was knocked out. The next

Lanval and Yonec Essay -- Literary Analysis, Marie de France

Often times in literature the personify becomes a symbolic part of the story. The physical structure may come to define the character, emphasise a certain motif of the story, or symbolize the authors or societys mindset. The representation of the body becomes significant for the story. In the representation of their body in the works of Marie de Frances lais Lanval and Yonec, the body is represented in opposing views. In Lanval, France clearly strains the pure mantrap of the body and the power the ideal dishful holds, which Lanvals Fairy faggot portrays. In Frances Yonec, she diverts the readers attention from the image of the ideal body and emphasizes a body without a unique(predicate) form and fluidity between the forms. Yonec focuses on a bask not based on the body. Although the representations of the body contradict one another, France uses both representation to emphasize the private and, in a way, unearthly nature of cacoethes that cannot be contained by the human worl d. In both lais, the love shared between the protagonists is something that is essential to be kept in private and goes beyond a single world into another world. In Frances Lanval, Marie de France emphasizes the ideal and pure body of Lanvals Fairy fagot. France describes the Fairy Queen as elegant, her hips slim, her neck whiter than snow on a branch, her eyes bright, her face white, a beautiful mouth (France, 109). The Fairy Queen is presented to the reader as the classic, ideal beauty that captures the attention and, unknowingly, the mind of her lover. After meeting the Fairy Queen, Lanval pledges his life to her. He states, There is nothing you might command, inwardly my power, that I would not do, whether foolish or wise. I shall obey your command (France, 108). ... ...tion of both methods can be used to show Frances idea of what love is. Patrick John Ireland argued that Frances idea of love is a human force controlled by man with great difficulty it is a spontaneous, natur al, and all-consuming power, the experience of which leads to an almost cunning passion at times (133). To be in love, one must be entirely devoted and passionate to one another to the point of guile passion. This is so for Yonec (the Princess jumps out of the tower) and Lanval (Lanvals complete rejection of the human world until he is brought into the world of his lover). Not only does France portray love as natural and all-consuming, only also shows the private and unearthly nature of love that cannot be contained to the realm of the human world. Rather, love transcends the boundaries of the human world and enters into a world where love reigns supreme. Lanval and Yonec canvass -- Literary Analysis, Marie de FranceOften times in literature the body becomes a symbolic part of the story. The body may come to define the character, emphasize a certain motif of the story, or symbolize the authors or societys mindset. The representation of the body becomes signific ant for the story. In the representation of their body in the works of Marie de Frances lais Lanval and Yonec, the body is represented in opposing views. In Lanval, France clearly emphasizes the pure beauty of the body and the power the ideal beauty holds, which Lanvals Fairy Queen portrays. In Frances Yonec, she diverts the readers attention from the image of the ideal body and emphasizes a body without a particular proposition form and fluidity between the forms. Yonec focuses on a love not based on the body. Although the representations of the body contradict one another, France uses both representation to emphasize the private and, in a way, unearthly nature of love that cannot be contained by the human world. In both lais, the love shared between the protagonists is something that is call for to be kept in private and goes beyond a single world into another world. In Frances Lanval, Marie de France emphasizes the ideal and pure body of Lanvals Fairy Queen. France describes the Fairy Queen as elegant, her hips slim, her neck whiter than snow on a branch, her eyes bright, her face white, a beautiful mouth (France, 109). The Fairy Queen is presented to the reader as the classic, ideal beauty that captures the attention and, unknowingly, the mind of her lover. After meeting the Fairy Queen, Lanval pledges his life to her. He states, There is nothing you might command, indoors my power, that I would not do, whether foolish or wise. I shall obey your command (France, 108). ... ...tion of both methods can be used to show Frances idea of what love is. Patrick John Ireland argued that Frances idea of love is a human force controlled by man with great difficulty it is a spontaneous, natural, and all-consuming power, the experience of which leads to an almost cunning passion at times (133). To be in love, one must be entirely devoted and passionate to one another to the point of blur passion. This is so for Yonec (the Princess jumps out of the tower) and Lanval (Lanvals complete rejection of the human world until he is brought into the world of his lover). Not only does France portray love as natural and all-consuming, nevertheless also shows the private and unearthly nature of love that cannot be contained to the realm of the human world. Rather, love transcends the boundaries of the human world and enters into a world where love reigns supreme.

Romeo And Juliet - Comparisson To West Side Story Essay -- essays rese

The play western Side Story, by Arthur Laurents, is based upon the play Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare. Despite a few differences, both works, in essence, have the same plot. The source of violence in Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story is the ever-present villainy mingled with families and between gangs, although, because of the "star-crossd lovers" motif in Romeo and Juliet, the aversion plays a larger role in producing the ending of West Side Story than it does the ending of Romeo and Juliet. The tension and hatred between gangs in West Side Story has a drastic affect on Maria and Tonys relationship as well as on the outcome of the play. Because of the hatred between their respective gangs, Tony and Maria are not able to meet or even talk in public - they must do it secretly. Also, Bernardo and riffle are strong focuses of hate. They cannot see past their blind hatred for each other. Because of this, both of them, as well as Tony, are killed in the "ru mble." Anitas hatred for the Jets is fueled by their treatment of her at Docs candy store. This influences her to tell them that Maria is dead, thus affecting the ending of the play. Chino is another source of hatred. When Tony kills Bernardo, Chino is driven by the need for revenge and he kills Tony. In order to fully understand the plot of West Side Story, one must have an discretion of the nature of gangs in the 1950s and know the reasons for their actions. Between 1941 and 1956, more than 500,000 Puerto Ricans moved to major cities in the U.S. such as New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Cleveland. The majority of them lived in distressing areas of their city. Puerto Rican gangs formed so that they could protect themselves from prejudiced Americans. Many people took advantage of the immigrants poor social status. For example, Bernardo says, "And Chino makes half what the Polack makes - the Polack is American" (Laurents 165) Youth agencies and youth boards concluded that close to gangs formed because of the poverty, disease, and racism present in the ghetto. Gangs, which were usually made up of teenagers, fought over girls, territory (otherwise known as "turf"), and racial matters. Italian, Jewish, and Irish gangs were upturned that the Puerto Ricans were taking over their "turf". "Turf" could range... ...and Juliet, when they marry, must marry secretly because of the feud. However, Maria and Tony do not marry, although they do perform a mock wedding. other example of a difference is that Anita purposely tells the Jets that Maria is dead because of her hatred for them. But when Balthasar tells Romeo that Juliet is dead, he does it without knowing that it isnt true. The last major difference between the two works is the death of the heroine. Juliet kills herself because she knows that her Romeo is dead and she cannot live without him. However, Maria is left alive at the end of West Side Story. It is almost as though she does not die so that she can accuse alliance of its prejudicial attitude against the Puerto Ricans and reveal everyones role in her and Tonys love story. As it is with any work that is based on something else, it is the differences as well as the similarities that make both the original and the inspired appealing. Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story elapse to portray the common themes of hatred and violence. However, because Juliet and Romeos relationship is so altered by fate, they are less affected by the violence in their society than Tony and Maria are.

The Henry Wiggen Novels of Mark Harris Essay -- Southpaw Drum Seamstit

The Henry Wiggen Novels of Mark Harris There can be no question that sport and athletes seem to be considered less than worthy subjects for writers of serious fiction, an unmatched fact considering how deeply ingrained in North American culture sport is, and how obviously and passionately North Americans care about it as participants and spectators. In this society of diverse peoples of greatly varying interests, tastes, and beliefs, no experience is as universal as playing or watching sports, and so it is simply confound how little adult fiction is written on the subject, not to mention how lightly regarded that little which is written seems to be. It should all be quite to the contrary that our fascination and familiarity with sport makes it a most advantageous subject for the skilled writer of fiction is amply demonstrated by Mark Harris. In his novels The Southpaw (1953), jockey The Drum Slowly (1956), A ticket For A Seamstitch (1957), and It Looked Like For Ever (1979), H arris chronicles the life of Henry Author Wiggen, a great major-league baseball star. Featuring memorable characters and dexterous storytelling, these books explore the experience of aging, learning, and living in time, with baseball as their backdrop. Henrys first-person story is the most important element of these stories. Through it he recounts the events of his life, his experiences with others, his accomplishments and troubles. The great achievement of this narrative voice is how effortlessly it reveals Henrys limited education while simultaneously demonstrating his quick intelligence, all in an entertaining and convincing fashion. Henry introduces himself by introducing his home-town of Perkinsville, New York, whereupon his odious g... ...ause they are so well written. The expertly devised narrative voice, easy humour, compelling characterization, and thoughtful, even philosophical storytelling combine to create a series of books which compare favorably to many included o n the Modern Librarys recent list of the 100 Best Novels of the 20th Century, which seems not to contain a single novel plenty in the world of sport. It is a curious prejudice, this apparent lack of respect for literature concerned with sport, to which these novels represent a pointed and hearty rebuke. Works Cited Harris, Mark. A Ticket For A Seamstitch. Lincoln University of Nebraska Press, 1984. ---. Bang The Drum Slowly. Lincoln University of Nebraska Press, 1984. ---. It Looked Like Forever. Lincoln University of Nebraska Press, 1989. ---. The Southpaw. Lincoln University of Nebraska Press, 1984.

Women in the Progressive Era Essay -- American History

In the 1890s, American women emerged as a major force for hearty reform. Millions joined civic organizations and extend their roles from domestic duties to concerns about their communities and environments. These years, between 1890 and 1920, were a time of many social changes that later became known as the Progressive Era. In this time era, millions of Americans organized associations to accrue up with solutions to the many problems that society was facing, and many of these problems were staring American women honest in the face.Women began to speak out against the laws that were deliberately set against them. Throughout this time period, women were denied the right to vote in all federal and most state held elections. Women struggled to achieve equality equality as citizens, equality in the work place, and equality at home. During this time, Americans worked to fight corruption in government, reduce the power of big business, and improve society as a whole. Just as the Irish w anted level-headed work and the farmers wanted a good banking system, women wanted equality. Women and womens organizations worked for various rights for different groups of people. They not only worked to gain the right to vote, they also worked for political equality and for social reforms. only when how did this all start to happen? It didnt happen overnight, and it wasnt a one-person battle. Women wanted the same rights as men already had. But they didnt just stop there, women played a major role in the rise of the child labor laws, stood up for minorities, and they wanted prostitution to end. or so people who opposed woman suffrage believed that women were less intelligent and less able to make political decisions than men were. Opponents argued th... ...75 Suffragists. Womens Studies.(29 October 2003).Berkeley, Kathleen C. The Womens handout Movement in America. Westport,Connecticut Greenwood Press, 1999.Frankel, Voralee and Nancy Schrom Dye. Gender. Class, Race, and Refo rm in theProgressive Era. Lexington, Kentucky University Press of Kentucky, 1991.Freeman, Julie. The Progressive Era. 11 February 2002.(04 November 2003).Kerber, Linda K., Alice Kessler-Hessler and Kathryn Kish Sklar. US History as WomensHistory. Chapel hammock University of North Carolina Press, 1995.Living the Legacy The Womens Rights Movement 1848 - 1998. The National WomensHistory Project. 1997. (30 October 2003).Muncy, Dr. Robyn. Women in the Progressive Era. 30 March 2003.(04 November 2003).Schneider, Dorothy. American Women in the Progressive Era 1900-1920. new-fashioned York Facts on File, 1993.

The Ministers Black Veil Essays -- Literature, Hawthorne

In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Ministers Black Veil, Mr. Hooper, a Reverend in the town of Milford, surprises his parishioners by donning a conspicuous drear veil one Sunday. The town is visibly spooked, yet still curious, about his eerie appearance and profoundly affected by his sermon on cabalistic sin. A subtle power was breathed into his words. Each member of the congregation, the most innocent girl, and the man of hardened breast, felt as if the preacher had crept upon them, behind his stately veil, and discovered their hoarded iniquity of deed or thought (2432). The parishioners expect that Hooper will only don the veil for one day and then remove it, having utilise the visage to make his point on secret sin, but they are taken aback to find that he does not remove the veil later on that sunday, but in fact, ultimately wears it until his death. The town begins to gossip about why the minister of religion wears the crepe, questioning his purity and straying away from his per son. When the Parsons intended, Elizabeth, asks him to do away with his lyssa and remove the veil, he sadly refuses, and Elizabeth reluctantly leaves him. The story concludes as the Parson dies, isolated by his choice to wear the veil with only the dying and the exsanguine taking comfort in his presence, proclaiming that on each face he sees a black veil. In The Ministers Black Veil, Nathaniel Hawthorne seeks to showcase the flaws of a society in which its members wear and create false facades by illustrating how it separates and alienates the idiosyncratic from society, peers, reality, and spirituality. In The Ministers Black Veil, Parson Hooper uses his black veil as a way to represent an individual verses their hidden sin. He sees each member of his community as havi... ...o despise the veil are warranted in their dislike, because it is unnatural, shocking, and sudden. For them to react any other way would be odd. All but Elizabeth fail to ask him to remove the veil as well a s the deeper meaning behind it. Sow could they expect him to yield to demands they themselves never voiced? Perhaps if the veil bothered his parishioners so greatly, they would have become more proactive in revealing their secret sins and thus relieved the Parson of his burden. Neither side is per say right, but it is important to note that the Parson acted out of desire to help the parishioners while the parishioners didnt truly act at all. whole caboodle CitedLauter, Paul, Richard Yarborough, and John Alberti. The Ministers Black Veil. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Vol. B. Boston, MA Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Pub., 2009. 2431-439. Print.

Ethnic entrepreneurs, ethnic precincts and tourism: The case of Sydney, Australia Essay

Australia, one of the most cosmopolitan of contemporary western societies, has a long history of immigrant entrepreneurship, with many pagan groups significantly over-represented in entrepreneurial activities, particularly in the elflike commercial enterprise sector of the Australian economy. Immigrant enterprises, mainly small furrowes, generate significant economic growth, employment opportunities and import trade activity across a broad range of industries in Australia. The experiences of immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia vary considerably, with diversity in pathways to immigrant entrepreneurship in Australia evident for both male and feminine immigrant entrepreneurs. This means that one size will not fit all, pointing to the need for a diverse, complex policy response to immigrant entrepreneurship in Australia today.In Australia, immigrants have a slightly higher rate of entrepreneurship (18.8%) than non immigrants (16.3%). However, some immigrant groups, such as the Ko reans, have much higher grade of entrepreneurship comp bed to non-immigrants and other immigrant groups. In order to understand the dynamics of immigrant entrepreneurship (Waldinger et al., 2010), stressed the importance of understanding the interaction between the group characteristics of immigrant communities and the opportunity structure in their host country when they settled.This in turn helps explain the rates of entrepreneurship and the characteristics of immigrant enterprises. Light and Rosenstein (2009) developed the concept of group characteristics in more detail. Immigrants draw on social resources, they argued, which include heathen ideologies, industrial paternalism, solidarity, tender networks, ethnic institutions and social capital. Immigrants also have access to class and other resources that they bring to entrepreneurship and to the ethnic economy (Light and Gold 2010). Immigrant entrepreneurship continued to be a feature in Australia in the post-1945 period as Australia embarked on a large scale immigration program that delivered nearly 7 million immigrants, with immigrants a biger rest of the Australian population than most other western nations (OECD 2011).The ethnic diversity of contemporary Australian society is reflected in the Australian small business sector. In Australia, as in other countries, restaurants, food and other retailing are areas of the economy with a strong immigrant battlefront (Collins and Low 2010). Australia is shaped by the crossing of a number of particularors ethnic resources and networks, class resources, regimes of regulation, inclusion/exclusion, opportunity, gender, radicalization and family. Collins and Low (2010) argued that while the international enquiry rightly stressed the extent to which immigrant entrepreneurship is embedded in family relationships with immigrant women playing an important role in their husbands businesses, it is important to recognize the many immigrant women themselves hold o ut entrepreneurs in their own right.One key fact that emerges from the Australian research is the increasing diversity of the paths to immigrant entrepreneurship (Collins 2009). Some immigrants arrive in Australia as successful business migrants with ample start-up capital. Other immigrants arrive with high sea captain and educational qualifications to enable them to fill labour shortages in the corporate sector, though minority immigrants often reach an accent ceiling that constrains their promotion opportunities. Others tread the traditionalistic path from low-wage jobs to entrepreneurship. Finally, some immigrants see entrepreneurship as an alternative to unemployment and take advantage of federal government programs to assist the unemployed to establish business enterprise.The Australian research on immigrant entrepreneurship (Collins, 2009) shows that there is increasing diversity in the paths that new immigrants take to entrepreneurship some were previously unemployed, while others were manual labourers before opening a small business. Some must attain university qualifications that are prerequisites for entering the professions (such as doctors, dentists, accountants and lawyers) and opening a private practice, others leave corporate jobs to become entrepreneurs, while still others, business migrants were already established as entrepreneurs before migrating to Australia. The Australian research also points to a diversity of class background among and between birthplace groups of immigrant entrepreneurs (Collins, 2011) and a great diversity in educational achievement.Australian immigrant enterprises are very diverse, and so policy is required to respond to that diversity. While many immigrant enterprises produce or handle ethnic products such as food, coffee or artifacts, many others do not. Immigrant entrepreneurs are spread across the economy, with businesses in the services sector of the economy, including retail, real estate, finance, media and t ourism. Others are professionals such as doctors, dentists and architects who run their own private practices.The Federal Australian Government promotes immigrant entrepreneurship directly though its permanent and temporary immigration policy (Collins, 2011). Australia introduced an Entrepreneurial Migration Category in November 1976 to allow immigrant entrepreneurs with detailed business proposals and capital to enter Australia under the permanent migration programme as migrant settlers. Over the eld this policy has been fine-tuned in the wake of the identification of anomalies in the programme. Evaluations of this programme suggest that it is largely successful.Today business owners, senior executives and investors can apply for a indorse under the Business Skills category. The main problem appears to be in attracting a sufficient number of entrants under this category, with Australia facing strong competition from other horse opera countries, including Canada. In March 2003 th ree Business Skills Processing Centres were opened and a two-stage process was introduced, whereby business migrants are granted a Business Skills (Provisional) visa for cardinal years. If they establish a business or maintain their legal investment over the four-year period they become eligible to apply for a Business Skills (Residence) visa, an entrepreneurial pathway to permanent residence in Australia. A direct permanent residence category is still available for high-calibre business migrants sponsored by State and land governments, known as the Business Talent visa.In addition to these immigration policy initiatives, a number of Federal Government agencies assist immigrant entrepreneurship, directly or indirectly. One Federal scheme, the sensitive Enterprise Incentive Scheme (NEIS), was designed to assist cash-poor unemployed people in entering the setting-up phase of a business enterprise, allowing them to take advantage of business training and draw on future unemployment benefits during the period in which the business enterprise is being established.The State governments play a key role in the regulation of enterprises in Australia, including those owned by immigrants. These regulations relate to issues such as health and safety requirements and employment conditions, including wages, impacting on immigrant and non-immigrant entrepreneurs. For example, a decision in the 1980s to permit outdoor dining in the State of New South Wales meant that al fresco eating became possible for the foremost time. Today many immigrant enterprises are concentrated in the food industry, with ethnic restaurants and cafes, most with outdoor tables, in evidence across metropolitan and regional Australia. social precincts are key spatial sites though, significantly, not the only sites of the ethnic economy in the city (Collins, 2011). In central or suburban parts of the city, ethnic precincts are essentially clusters of ethnic or immigrant entrepreneurs in areas of the city that are designated as ethnic precincts by place marketers and Government officials. They are characterized by the presence of a substantial number of immigrant or ethnic entrepreneurs who populate the streets of the precinct selling food, goods or services to co-ethnics and non-co ethnics alike. Ethnic precincts come in a number of forms. a good deal they tend to be associated with one ethnic group, as evinced by districts.Each of these ethnic precincts has been developed with the financial and marketing support of local government. Ethnic festivals become key moments in promoting the precinct to a broader clientele, including tourists. Promotion of ethnic festivals is a key element of any strategy to promote immigrant entrepreneurship. Policies designed to develop and promote ethnic precincts (Collins and Kunz, eds,2010), the ethnic economy and urban ethnic tourism(Rath, ed, 2010) will, in turn, help the immigrant entrepreneurs whose small businesses are located in clusters in particular. The important growth in female person immigrant entrepreneurship in Australia, like other countries, also suggests a need for policies to be sensitive to matters related to intersection of ethnicity and gender. This area requires further research in Australia. Moreover, minorities depend barriers in respect to language difficulties and racism and prejudice, issues that do not confront non-immigrant entrepreneurs.ReferencesCollins, J and Low. A. (2010)Asian female immigrant entrepreneurs in Small and Mediumsized Businesses in Australia, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, flock 22 Issue 1, January 2010, pp 97-111.Collins, J. (2009), Ethnic Diversity Down Under Ethnic Precincts in Sydney, International diary of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations, no. 4, pp. 1043-53.Collins, J. and Kunz, P. (2010), Ethnic entrepreneurs, ethnic precincts and tourism The case of Sydney, Australia in Richards, G. (ed.), Tourism Creativity and Development, London and New York Routledge, pp. 201-14.Collins, J. (2011), Ethnic Diversity Down Under Ethnic Precincts in Sydney, International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations, no. 4, pp. 1043-53.Collins, J. and Kunz, P. (2010), Ethnic entrepreneurs, ethnic precincts and tourism The case of Sydney, Australia in Richards, G. (ed.), Tourism Creativity and Development, London and New York Routledge, pp. 201-14.Light, I. and Rosenstein, C. (2009), Race, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship in Urban America, Aidine de Gruyter, New York.Light, I. and Gold, S. J. (2010), Ethnic Economies, Academic Press, San Deigo.OECD (2010), Open for Business Migrant Entrepreneurship in OECD Countries, OECDPublishing, Paris.OECD (2011), International Migration Outlook SOPEMI 2011, OECD Publishing.http//dx.doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2011-enRath, J. (ed.) (2010), Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the City, New York Routledge. Stromback, T. and Malhotra, R. (1994), Socioeconomic Linkages of South Asian Imm igrants with their countrified of Origin, Canberra Australian GovernmentPublishing Service.Rezaei (2011) Royal delicacies at peasant prices cross-national differences, common grounds towards an empirically supported theory of the informal economic activities ofmigrants. World Review of Entrepreneurship, steering and Sustainable Development, 2011, vol. 7, issue 2, pages 109-154Waldinger, R., Aldrich, H., Ward, R. and Associates (2010), Ethnic Entrepreneurs Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies, Sage, Newbury Park, London, New Delhi.Source document

How Is the Power of Dreams and Dreaming in the Novel of Mice and Men Essay

The idea of moving from one place to another, working hard and trying to raise the quality of bread and butter for you and your loved ones is known as The American Dream. Steinbeck invites us to understand how having this daydream keeps them going despite the ch altogetherenging life that each character faces. through and throughout the novel, Steinbeck makes this dream the main focus of the story for two the reader and characters. Georges dream is to go through independence and to go into town and get whatever I want but most importantly he dreams of being somebody. On the other hand, Lennie aspires to be with George and to tend the rabbits.Ultimately, George and Lennie both wanted to have a little house and couple of acres an a cow and some pigs however, George only tells Lennie about their dream to comfort Lennie. This is shown when Lennie says No You tell it. It aint the same if I tell it. Go on George. How do I get to tend the rabbits. It is only after they all touchablei sed that together, this liaison they never believed in was coming true Even though the dream is very important to George as well, Steinbeck portrays Lennie as someone who wants the dream a lot more.This is shown through Lennies angry or upset feelings when he feels like he has done something that would jeopardise their dream. George uses this to his advantage to threaten and control Lennie by blackmailing him, If you do, I wint let you tend the rabbits. Consequently, Lennie tries to please George and to gain his approval as much as possible. Another way in which Steinbeck shows the power of dreams and dreaming in the novel is through how much they want it. Steinbeck portrays each characters desperation through their lifestyle. The dream that each character has reflects what is missing from their life.George and Crooks are both very desperate about this dream because they both want their current lives to be like their past. This is shown when, for a second, George loses track of t he present and says wed keep a few pigeons to go flyin around the winmill like they done when I was a kid which is referring back to his childhood. Similarly, Crooks wants to return to his past. The white kids used to runaway at our place, an sometimes I went to play with them. This shows that Crooks used to be well respected and equal within his community.After all, Crooks aint a gray negro however, he is not treated well at the ranch, therefore, the dream provides comfort for Crooks. Although George wants to return to his childhood, there is a deeper meaning to his dream. George wants to just say the cavity with goin to work because unlike Candy, George doesnt want to stay at the ranch too long so he would get canned. For George, the dream way that nobody could can us Furthermore, George doesnt want to have to keep moving because he would jus live there and belong there.There wouldnt be no more runnin round the country and gettin fed by a Jap cook. This suggests that hell be his own boss. A result of being a migrant worker, no one at the ranch has any friends, which is why Crooks was surprised to hear that Lennie had George. For George and Lennie, the dream of having their own land provides a stable hearth that will eventually gain them friends and family. On the other hand, Crooks is very pessimistic about the possibility of a dream becoming a reality because he has been segregated in the ranch for as long as he can remember.His cynicism has led him to believe Its just in their head. Theyre all the time talkin about it, but its jus in their head. This suggests that his past experiences have affected his power to dream. Steinbeck reinforces the power of dreaming within the novel, as he shows every characters reaction when they all realise that there is a possibility of George and Lennies dream becoming reality. They looked at each other, amazed. This thing they had never really believed in was coming true. Once they believed that the dream is a possib ility, the tension is ramped up. Suddenly there is something to lose and something to fight for. This massively enhances the power that the dream has over each character and for a while the feeling of doom is lessened. The reader wants to know if each character can escape the curse they wait to be under and reach their goals. For Lennie and candy the dream would provide an exciting opportunity, as both characters are not worth much in the real world. The dream would provide them a chance of appreciation.To Lennie, the dream is an antidote to disappointment and loneliness, and he often asks George to recite the description of the farm to him for comfort. Like a child, he loved the hear George telling him to tend the rabbits correspondingly for Candy it would make him feel more important as he can cook and tend the chickens and hoe the garden some Even though Curleys Wife was the reason that the dream fell apart, she had big dreams to be in pitchers Unsatisfied by her surly husband, she constantly lurks around the barn, trying to engage the workers in conversation.However, although she may come across as very flirtatious, she only flirts with the men for attention. Which is what her dream would have provided her if she didnt marry Curley. Shes so lonely, and so desparate for the attention of the men at the ranch that she even flirts with Lennie as she leans closely at him to see if she was impressing him To look in more detail about how Steinbeck shows the power of the dreams, take each individual character and how they all act to their dreams ending.For example, Steinbeck has made Curley very bitter after the realization of his dreams ending when Candys wife is killed by Lennie. His bitterness shows how much the dream meant to him and how he needed it because he is old and disabled so he will probably get canned soon, He shuffles out of the barn which that he has given up all hope, almost given up on life.

Deabte analysis Essay

The industrial Revolution occurred in Europe from 1750 to 1850. During this time thither was as well a huge increase in illegitimacy rate, which is the number of babies being born to unmarried women. The big question becomes, did the industrial revolution ready a informal revolution or not? at that place are many historians and people with different views about topic. At the start of the industrial revolution there were close to zero babies being born the unmarried women and by the end in 1850 there was 1 in every 3 women having babies that werent married.thither are two main points of view on this debate unrivaled from Edward Shorter and the other from Louise Tilly, Joan Scott, and Miriam Cohen. Historian Edward Shorter states that the industrial revolution created many opportunities for women to work which he recites lead to a rise in the illegitimacy rate. He connects this to the sexual independence, or sexual freedom, of unmarried, working-class women. Historians Louise A .Tilly, Joan W. Scott, and Miriam Cohen counter that unmarried women started working during the industrial revolution to see an scotch need, not to gain individualized freedom. They state that the rise in illegitimacy rates rose due to broken marriages and the absence of traditional alimentation from family, community, and the church. With women starting to work this caused a change in peoples feelstyles. Shorter and Tilly, Scott, and Cohen both have a legitimate argument to if the industrial revolution was the cause of the sexual revolution. You raise the key issues here. It doesnt need to be this long, but thats OK.Edward Shorter agrees that women of the upper class in the nineteenth century underwent a effeminate emancipation along with the slave emancipation, but he says that it doesnt account for the women with families. Young, low status women underwent a radical movement in female emancipation in the late eighteenth century because of the involution in the economy of t he market place place. This emancipation started with the young women of low status to older women of higher status. There were some general characteristics describing women during this time.There were many famous women making stands for womens independence and rights, that it was hard to see the position of all women or the norms of women. One issue Shorter states is, except for the fewexceptions of famous women, most of them were still powerless and dependent. Female emancipation was all about becoming independent. Married women wanted household governmental power and a family where they have their own rights, sexual gratifications, and emotional freedom. Unmarried women started ignoring the strict views and opinions of parents and community to satisfy their personal needs. All women started disregarding outside controls for personal freedom and sexuality for individual self-fulfillment.Up to here is satisfactory, but more info than necessary and not totally clear. These chang es may be linked to the economic changes towards capitalism, an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations. Good.One change was that capitalism made subcultures of wage-earning people. These people began to create their own rules and standards on how to run their community. Some of the rules where sexual behavior, target family size, and new techniques for contraceptive method and abortion. The new young people were sexually active and it became a social norm to have sex before marriage. Shorter thinks that some aspect of industrialism must be held accountable for the expressly permissive sexual content of the subcultures.Another change dealing with capitalism was the mentality of the market place. As women began working in the market place they began to bring the principles of the market place into other areas of their lives. Shorter belie ves that the labor markets were the most direct source of personal freedom. Capitalisms metal habits of maximizing ones self-interest and sacrificing community goals to get individual profit was what women learned in the market place and its what they wanted in all aspects of life including their family and their freedom.Lastly, the industrial advance along with capitalism removed many external controls upon female sexual freedom. As women were bringing home paychecks meant they contributed to the familys resources and would be authorize to a greater voice in how these resources were used. This lead to women being more equal and the premarital sex codes became more permissive as her statuswas completely dependent on the husbands.Shorter came to state that capitalism entitled a source for females to be independent and have sexual freedom. The low wage, young people started the involvement in the market economy. The prosperous women soon followed in the nineteenth century. For unmarr ied women capitalism meant personal and sexual freedom. Young women were able to go against parental controls with her sexual and emotional independence because she knew the market would still hire her and give her self-sufficiency, and if needed, would move her to a town where she could work. This lead to the absence of birth control and therefore illegitimacy. You say more than necessary in the first paragraph of this section your explanation of the argument could be stronger.

Reporting Stockholders Equity

ckChapter 11 Reporting and Analyzing farm animalholders Equity I. Characteristics of a Corporation (Publicly held (closely held)) * Separate legal existence * hold liability of live beginningholders limited to investment * Transferable ownership rights * Ability to acquire capital * Continuous life * Corporation management Sh atomic number 18holders Sh atomic number 18holders * Voting rights * Profit overlap * Preemptive right * Residual claim Board of Directors Board of Directors CEO(PRESIDENT) CEO(PRESIDENT) . other vps . other vps CIO CIO CFO CFO COO COO Treasurer Treasurer ControllerController * government activity regulations file application with state government- corportate charter by-law * Additional taxes. Double taxation II. Stock Issue 1. Basics of Stock Issue (1) Authorized Stock The maximum amount of stock that a corporation is authorized to sell by corporate charter. (2) Outstanding Stock Capital stock that has been issued and is being held by stockholders. inte lligent capital= of issued shares x par value per share (3) Par Value Stock Capital stock that has been assigned an arbitrary value per share in the corporate charter. 4) No-par value Stock Capital stock that has non been assigned a value in the corporate charter. (5) Stated Value of No-par value Stock Value per share assigned by the board of directors to no-par value stock. Authorized Issued Outstanding (6) paid-in Capital Amount paid to corporation by stockholders for shares of ownership. (7) contain dough Earned capital held for future use in the business. 2. Accounting for Common Stock Issues (1) Issuing Stock at Par Example 1 On March 1, 2002, XYZ Company issued 10,000 shares of $10 par value common stock at par. (2) Issuing Stock above ParExample 2 On June 10, XYZ Company issued 5,000 shares of $10 par value common stock at $12 per share. Cash 60,000(=5,00012) Common Stock50,000 Additional paid in capital14,000 (Paid in capital in redundance of par) What if the common st ock issued on June 10 is no par stock with a stated value of $10? Cash60,000 Common Stock50,000 Additional Paid in capital10,000 3. Treasury Stock * A corporations own stock that has been issued, fully paid for, and reacquired by the corporation but non retired. * Issued but not outstanding (1) Corporations acquire treasury stock to reissue shares to employees under bonus and stock compensation plans * increase trading of companys stock in securities market to enhance market value * reduce number of shares outstanding , and therefore increase earnings per share (EPS) * prevent a hostile takeover. (2) purchase Treasury Stock * Cost method Treasury stock is increased by the amount paid to reacquire the shares, and is decreased by the same amount when the shares are later sold. Example 3 On October 15, 2002, XYZ Company acquired 2,000 shares of the stock issued on June 10 in Example 2 at $9 per share.On the balance airplane Stockholders virtue Paid in capital Common stock (par) Ad ditional paid in capital kept up(p) earnings Less Treasury stock (a contra equity account) * Effect of purchasing treasury stock on common stock * Effect of purchasing treasury stock on stockholders equity III. pet Stock * Preferred stock has contractual provisions that give it preferences over common stock in dividends and assets in the event of liquidation. * Preferred stockholders do not have voting rights. Example 4 On November 5, 2002, XYZ Company issued 5,000 shares of $10 par value preferred stock for $13 per share.Cash65,000 Preferred Stock50,000 Additional Paid in capital15,000 1. Dividend Preference * Preferred stockholders have the right to share in the distribution of corporate income before common stockholders * The first claim to dividends does not check dividends * Cumulative Dividends Preferred stockholders receive current and unpaid prior-year dividends before common stockholders receive any dividends. When dividends are cumulative, preferred dividends that were not state in a given period are called dividends in arrears. Example 5XYZ Company issued 10,000 shares of 10%, $5 par value cumulative preferred stock On January 1, 1999. XYZ had not declared any dividends until December 31, 2002. 1999 10,000x 5 x 10% = 5,000 2000 5,000 2001 5,000 20025,000 Dec 31, 02 $20,000 in cash * Dividends in arrears are not liability. They should be tell in the notes to financial statements. 2. Liquidation Preference- Creditors Prefered stock holders common stock holders IV. Dividends * A distribution by the corporation to the stockholders on a pro rata basis. 1.Cash Dividends (1) To pay a cash dividend, a company must have * retained earnings * adequate cash * declared dividends (2) Some Important Dates * Declaration view the get out the board of directors formally authorizes the cash dividends and announces it to stockholders. Retained earnings Dividends payable * picture date The date ownership of outstanding shares is determined for dividend purposes . * Payment date The date dividends are paid. Dividends payable Cash * Cumulative effect of declaration and payment of cash dividends on accounting equation 2. Stock Dividends Companies pay stock dividends to * take stockholders dividend expectations without paying cash * Increase the marketability of its stock * Emphasize that a portion of stockholders equity has been permanently reinvested in the business. * Small Stock Dividend If the stock dividend is less than 20%-25% of the corporations issued stock, it is record at the fair market value per share. * Large Stock Dividend If the stock dividend is greater than 20%-25% of the corporations issued stock, it is recorded at par or stated value per share. Example 6On February 1, 2003, the balance of XYZ Companys retained earnings was $2,500,000. XYZ Company declared a 15% stock dividend on its 100,000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The current fair market value of XYZ Companys stock is $13 per share. Retained earnings195,000 Stock dividend Distributable150,000 Additional paid in capital45,000 On March 1, 2003, XYZ Company issued the dividend shares. Stock dividend distributable 150,000 Common Stock150,000 Effect of stock dividends on stockholders equity and its components S/E Retained earnings195,000 (Decrease)Common Stock150,000 (Increase) Additonal paid in capital45,000 (Increase) NET EFFECT No change V. Stock Splits * The issuance of additional shares of stock to stockholders accompanied by * A reduction in the par or stated value * An increase in number of shares. No entry * Effect of stock splits on stockholders equity and its components S/E Common Stock (Par value per share x total of issued shares) Add. Paid in capital Retained Earnings VI. Retained Earnings * Net income that is retained in the business. Revenues (Credit, transfer to credit of income)Income Summary(Transfer N. I to retained earnings credit) Retained Earnings Expenses (Transfer account to debid of income summary) * Deficit a de bit balance in retained earnings. Deficit is reported as a deduction in stockholders equity on the balance sheet. * Retained earnings restrictions- Debt covenants VII. monetary Statement Presentation 1. Balance Sheet S/E Paid-in-capital Common stock (par value) Preferred stock (par value) Additional paid in capital Retained earnings Less Treasury Stock 2. Statement of Cash Flows Cash Flows from Financing ActivitiesIssuance of stock (cash inflows) Repurchase of stock (cash outflows) Dividend payment (cash outflows) VIII. Ratio Analysis 1. Dividend Record * Payout Ratio Cash dividends declared on common stock/ Net income 2. Earnings Performance * Return on common stockholders equity ratio (NI-Prefered stockholders dividends)/ second-rate common stockholders equity 3. Debt versus Equity Decision Bond Common Stock Owners Control Not affected Diluted Tax Benefit Bond interests are tax deductible Dividends are not deductible Financial Ratio(EPS) Not affected Lower Fixed payment Yes No

History of Public Health Systems Essay

Public health is about helping every adept to stay healthy rather than focalization specifically on the individual, with the aim to promote health, protecting individuals from threats to their health and holding ill-health. Public health policies have made a signifi cigargonttet impact in increase a persons general life expectancy and improving health. (Public health)Public Health StrategiesPublic health strategies atomic number 18 devised in raise to prevent the spread of distempers, prolong life and promote health. This can be done through the use of monitoring, identifying, developing programmes etc.Monitoring the health status of the federation Is a key aspect of health strategies that atomic number 18 in place indoors the UK. This health strategy helps to monitor any changes that occur in the health of the nation, along with alerting individuals to any potential problems.Health passim the UK is monitored by quality of life, infant mortality rates and life expect ancy (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and cordial charge take hold 2, page 2) The monitoring of health throughout the country allows for advanced planning of local services within the community that may be at risk of certain health problems. The monitoring of health at a local level allows for information to be recorded in the beginning be compared to the health of otherwise communities across the country. Local information on health is an important aspect as it is collected on a geographical basis throughout the UK, for pillow slip vacci province rates, hospital admissions etc.This is one panache on health can be monitored, as in the cases of other communities they may have higher incidence rates of certain sicknesss whereas others may have low incidences of unhealthinesss. Communities that have a higher rate of infirmity are monitored further and health promotion campaigns will be developed before being put into effect in order to stiffen the risk of disease spr eading within the community. The health status of a community can vary throughout the nation and depend on a variety of factors, of which can includeAgeGenderSocio-economic conditionsGeneticsEnvironmental factorsThrough the use of monitoring health changes any problems that may arise in the future within communities can be determine in advance in order for it to be prevented. For example the rise of sexually transmitted diseases within local communities would monitored in order to predict any potential problems that may occur in the future and stop them from taking place.Identifying the health take of the population The health of the nation is measured by using mortality and morbidity rates of which have indicated how pile are straightway living longer than that of their predecessors.Identifying the health needs of the population is another important aspect of man health strategies within the UK this takes place when trends and patterns in local communities across the nation a re established. By identifying the health needs of individuals located in a particular community means that the need for services can therefore be identified. Patterns can be detected throughout the country through the use of national statistics. National statistics are used in order to determine how health can be purifyd and how areas of carry on can be highlighted, along with the effects of ill health may be reduced and prevented. Patterns of illness and disease can possibly be the conduce of certain factors, of which include genetics, environment, lifestyle, precept etc.However some parts of the country may be more susceptible to certain illnesses and diseases than others due to the patterns that are outlined by the National Statistics and social trends information. Developing programmes to reduce risk and screen for early disease Screening is the process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk of a disease or condition. They can then be offered information, further tests and appropriate word to reduce their risk and/or any complications arising from the disease orcondition. As defined by the UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC). Health programmes are developed base on the information gathered by epidemiologists. An epidemiologist is a person who studies patterns of diseases or health risks in population groups, societies, and cultures.The Department of Health produces a green report card that proposes what the targets of health should be and is based on these decisions as to how the government implement the findings. From this a white paper is produced, of which goes into detail as to how and what course of action is taken. An example of recent white papers can include Our Healthy Nation and Our Healthier Nation (1999). The aim of the white paper is to inform and protect members of the public by influencing social changes in regards to the health of the nation. (L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2 , page 4). Examples of watercourse public health programmes include 5 a day campaign, MMR immunisation programme and the Local NHS Smoking Service.Controlling communicable disease Controlling communicable diseases is an important aspect of public health strategies in the UK, of which involves planning to include screening and early detection, isolation and treatment, containment, prevention and cure eradication where possible. (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2, page 7) The early detection of a disease can prove useful, as it can provide insight on the cause and the spread of the disease along with being able to highlight any potential risks that the disease may cause to an individual or group of people especially in vulnerable people such as young children, and the elderly. Young children and the elderly are more susceptible to disease due to their immune placement being much weaker than the average individual therefore it is important in the early dete ction of an infection in order to stop this from occurring.Isolating individuals with communicable diseases enables to quell bookled, in order to reduce and prevent the risk of spreading the disease. A resident residing in a care home that was diagnosed with tuberculosis for example, would be move to a room on their own, in order to ensure that the disease is not then passed to another service user withinthe home is one example.Containing a disease can occur at a national and local level this can occur once the source of the infection has been identified and plan has been developed and put in place in order to reduce the risk of the disease reoccurring. The measures that are taken in which to contain the disease can vary from short, medium, to long term measures. (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2, page 7)Short term measures limited visiting, unnecessary travel, treatment and isolation Medium/long term measures immunisation programme, appropriate medic al treatment, educating individuals about the risks, eradicating incidence of disease where it proves possible to do soEradicating disease is now becoming possible due to advances in research and technology. Advances in technology means that more is known about the causes of illness and disease along with how the disease is spread. This advance has been made possible through the use of early detection and surveillance, monitoring, screening, treatment and immunisation programmes, health education and promotion. (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2, page 8)Promote the health of the population Health promoters are tasked with the promoting the health of the population on a local and national scale. Health promoters are based in a variety of settings, such as, GP surgeries, drop-in centres, radio, magazines and schools. They are prioritised on local need and the availability of funding for the necessary resources. These priorities can be identified through the n umber of reported illnesses and diseases through local statistics.Any illnesses or diseases taken from the statistics prove to be either life threatening or cause an individual to spend a substantial amount of time in hospital would then be given top priority in the promoting of health. Individuals who may be overweight can potentially be at risk of coronary heart disease later on in life. The health promoter would thereby ensure that diets and exercise are promoted through the use of proper channel on both a local and national level. supplying and evaluating the national provision of health and social care The National provision of Health and Social care within the UK is planned and evaluated by the National Health Service and Social Services. This is based on the information provided by health and social care professionals on a local, regional and national scale across the UK. The government have produced guidelines and information to state how they will tackle the problems contr olling and preventing infectious disease spread. (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2, page 8) The strategies outlined in the guidelines by the government are a series of proposed actions in order to create a system in which to prevent, investigate and control the threat of infectious diseases and to address health protection on a wider scale.M1 Describe the origins of public health policy in the UK from the 19th hundred to the stick in day.In this essay I will compare two different health measures in the 19th century and how they have made an impact on society today. I am also going to compare and explain the living conditions of towns and cities in the 19th, 20th and 21st century. Public health has developed advantageously over the years and the changes that have occurred overtime reflect on the health concerns of the nation during each time period. These changes are what have produced the Public Health system that is currently in place today. Over the ye ars vast amounts of medical knowledge of todays health professionals have increased in response as to how diseases are spread, along with the advances in medicine that have aided in helping to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases.During the 19th century the living conditions were exceedingly poor and there were various health issues of which include overcrowding in housing and overcrowding in general, thereby resulting in the spread of disease.The Poor impartiality Act (1834) was established in 1834. The Poor Law was designed in order to reduce the cost of looking after the poor and impose a system whichwould be the same all across the country. The industrial revolution led to the development of towns and cities across the UK. The population of the nation had increased rapidly once the Poor Law Act was implemented. The countrys poverty relief system had not been amended since 1601, before finally coming into play as a result of Edwin Chadwick, John Snow.The Public Health Act was first implemented in 1848 in order to ensure that hale conditions were provided for in live areas across the UK. In response to the Public Health Act 1848 The General Board of Health was developed so as to ensure that all public health policies that were administered were carried out as effectively as possible. Edwin Chadwick was the first commissioner of the board. The implementation of the act allowed for authorities working with civil engineers and medics to improve sanitation. (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2, page 14)Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890) was accredited for his work on the reformation of the Poor Law. Edwin Chadwick was appointed by the government to carry out investigations and research into current sanitation. Chadwick wrote a report outlining his findings known as The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population published in 1842. In his report Chadwick argued that disease had a direct tie-up to living conditions. After the report w as produced new measures were taken in order to help promote the safe disposal of human waste and rubbish. Chadwick believed that poor sanitary conditions caused disease.John Snow (1813-1858) was a British physician commended for his work in relation to the cholera outbreak in 1854. Snow was an anaesthetist and epidemiologist interested in the practices of cleanliness and hygiene put in place to help prevent disease. Snow formed the link between the cholera outbreak to the contaminated water residing in the water pump in all-encompassing Street. In 1854, Snow identified that a water pump in Broad Street located high-priced one of the cess pits was what was contaminating the water thereby linking the Broad Street pump as the outbreak site of the disease. Higher mortality rates were linked to the Broad Street pump. He had the handle ofthe pump removed, and cases of cholera immediately began to diminish.Throughout the 20th century more Acts and Reforms were put in place in order to r educe the risk of spreading infection that led to illness and disease among the UK population. This included Beveridge story (1942), NHS (1946), Black Report (1980), Acheson Report (1998), Our Health Nation (1997), redeeming(a) Lives Our Healthier Nation (1999).William Beveridge (1879-1963) produced The Beveridge Report in 1942, which went on to become the basis of a series of reforms after the secondment World War, by looking into way on reducing inequalities in the health care provision. This report has been used as the foundation for most social legislation. The Beveridge Report was a major persuade in the introduction of The Welfare State along with The National Health Service founded in 1949. The Beveridge report focused on sanitation and ways to improve and change the educational standards of areas which were highly affected by poverty. The report suggested that the working class gave a share of their wages in order to aid those who did not work, those of which who were ei ther sick, unemployed, retired or widowed were then given these contributions.The government tasked Beveridge with the developing a report that was based on the ways that Britain should be rebuilt once the Second World War ended. The report was published in 1942 and provided recommendations to the government in order to find ways of tackling the five Giant Evils known as Want, Disease, Ignorance, despicableness and Idleness.Edwin Chadwick 1842, William Beveridge 1942 and the fair Paper Report making healthier choices easier attempted to improve overall public health. Whereas Chadwick focused on poverty, Beveridge focused on sanitation and the White Paper was specific to health.Beveridge and the White Paper Report making healthier choices easier focused on poverty and how it affected a persons overall health. Whereas in the Beveridge report he chose to write about The Welfare State, whilst the White Paper talked about reducing inequalities to health.John Snow and the White Paper Re port both used statistics in order to provide evidence in order to give insight into the condition of public health and what need fear before giving suggestions on how to improve it.Works CitedPublic Health. (n.d.). Retrieved from https//www.gov.uk/government/topics/public-health.Wright, J., Williams, R., & Wilkinson, J. (1998, April 28 ). BMJ Health needs assessment. British Medical Journal, 1310-1313.Anon, (2014). online procurable at http//www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/lesson08.htm) Accessed 3 Oct. 2014.Bbc.co.uk, (2014). BBC History Historic Figures John Snow (1813 1858). online Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/snow_john.shtml Accessed 3 Oct. 2014.Bbc.co.uk, (2014). BBC History William Beveridge. online Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/beveridge_william.shtml Accessed 3 Oct. 2014.Spartacus Educational, (2014). Edwin Chadwick. online Available at http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHchadwick.htm Accessed 3 Oct. 201 4.wiseGEEK, (2014). What is an Epidemiologist? (with pictures). online Available at http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-epidemiologist.htm Accessed 4 Oct. 2014.

Informative Speech Caffeine Essay

CaffeineSpecific Purpose To inform my audience about the explanation of caffeine, how the form processes caffeine, and possible lieu effects of excessive caffeine consumption. Central Idea Caffeine has been near for centuries and has been used for it energizing effects on the body . baseI. Its the night before your chemistry exam and you decide to learn three weeks worth of material in one night. II. When 130 comes around and you can feel your eyes starting to get heavy, what do you grab to give you that extra energy to keep going? Is it coffee? Is it a bolshy Bull? III. Why do these types of drinks help us keep our eyes open long enough to get through that last chapter on electrocution reactions? IV. The answer is caffeine.V. As college students, most of us bring in caffeine every single day, so today I am going to share with you the history of caffeine, how the body processes caffeine, and possible side effects from excessive caffeine consumption. (Transition Before I get in to the many affects of caffeine on the body, lets go back in conviction to see where caffeine came from.)BodyI. The appreciation of caffeinated beverages dates back tens of thousands of years.a. What is caffeine anyway?i. Caffeine is a natur bothy occurring substance that forms as an end harvest-time of nitrogen metabolism in plants. ii. It is found in more than 60 different plants species around the world, including coffee noodles, tea leaves, and coco beans. b. The wild coffee bean plant originated in Ethiopia and according to Reginald Smith, author of the book A History of chocolate, cultivation of caffeine containing food and beverages from the coffee bean may have begun as early as AD575. c. Centuries passed before coffee would reach Europe by the 17th century, but then spread uncontrollably to all parts of the world, including America. d. Coffee was brought to America in the mid 1600s.i. At this time, most Americans still preferred to drink tea, another caffeinated beverage , even though coffee houses were being built all over the country. ii. Coffee did not become Americas favorite beverage until the Boston Tea Party, when Americans revolted against Britains heavy tax on tea. (Transition right off that you know where coffee came from, lets look at how the body processes it.) II. How does that morning cup of coffee wake you up and give you that added energy to get the day started? a. Well, caffeine is known to boost the effects of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, and serotonin. i. For example, dopamine is a neurotransmitter known to affect concentration. ii. Dopamine is also responsible for signaling your brain when it is time to go to bed, but when caffeine is introduced to the body, this signal is blocked. b. Caffeine also causes your body to release more adrenaline, which causes faster heart beat, more blood being handle to muscles and organs in your body, and adrenaline tells your liver to release sugar into the blood stream.c. When caffeine is in the blood stream, it encourages the release of more calcium ions, which in flex causes muscle to contract faster. d. The professor of nutrition at Tufts University, Susan Roberts, says that, Research studies broadly document favorable changes such as increases in metabolic rate, increased full-bodied oxidation, and a perception of increased physical and mental energy. i. With all of these energy-boosting effects, its easy to see why we love caffeine so much. ii. Even though caffeine can make us feel invincible, consuming too much can have negative effects on our health. (Transition Lets take a look at how much caffeine we should be consuming and what could happen if we consume too much.) III. Many people dont know, but on that point are negative side effects of the overuse of caffeine.a. According to the article Selected Health and Behavioral Effects Related to the Use of Caffeine published in the Journal of Community Health, Over 80% of adults consume caffeine daily in the form of coffee, tea, or soft drinks. i. Since we consume caffeine daily, the amount we consume is important. ii. J.J Barone, author of Caffeine Consumption, which was published in the book Food and Chemical Toxicology, states that people should only consume 5 oz. of ground roast coffee, 5 oz. of tea, and 6 oz. of cola only a daily basis.iii. For a lot of people, this is not enough caffeine to feel the energizingside effects, which leads to overconsumption. b. The many side effects of the overconsumption of caffeine include insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, irritability, dizziness, nausea, fast heartbeat, and muscle tremors. i. Caffeine interferes with your bodys internal signal that it is time for bed. So, caffeine causes sleep loss and lessen in quality of sleep, which in turn contributes most of the negative side effects. ii. These negative side effects can easily be stopped when the soulfulness returns to a normal routine.ConclusionI. Today we have learned where caffeine or iginated, how it affects the body, and side effects of overconsumption of caffeine. II. Next time you grab a cup of coffee, run it be to wake up in the morning or so you can pull an all-nighter, thank the Ethiopians, I know I will. III. Thank you for listening.

Child sexual abuse victims Essay

I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMSexual holler of churlren is a harsh fact of life in our society. Child informal ill-use is a form of kidskin guy in which an adult or older adolescents uses a babe for versed stimulation. Forms of fry inner poke fun accepts asking or pressuring a squirt to engage in sexual activates, regardless(prenominal) of the outcome, unseemly exposure to a tyke with intent to gratify their own sexual desire or to restrict or groom the kid, physic tot onlyyy sexual contact with s taker or using a shaver to produce babe pornography. A tyke ill-treat victim back result in some(prenominal) short term and long harm physically and emotionally. What would you do if you knew a pip-squeak who became a victim? Thats a question everyone should be ready to answer if they want to protect our future generations.A. DEFINITIONSthither is no universal definition for CHILD SEXUAL yell VICTIM(S). However, a major characteristic of any(prenominal) revilem ent is the dominant position of an adult that allows him or her to force or coerce a pip-squeak into sexual activity. Child sexual twist around may include fondling a electric shavers genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and anal intercourse. (American psychological association, 2011) Other forms of maltreat can in addition pass on that ar not as easy to detect. These include showing adults genitals to a child, showing the child pornographic or dirty pictures or videotapes, or using the child as a sticker to make pornographic materials. (Child advocacy resources)A victim of child abuse suffers from PSYCHOLOGICAL make that take hold an immediate emotion. These effects of abuse cause isolation, fear and an inability to trust. This can translate into womb-to-tomb consequences, including low self-esteem, depression, and relationship difficulties. Researchers have identified links between child abuse and poor psychic and emotional h ealth, Cognitive difficulties, and Social difficulties. In one long-term study, 80 pct of young adults who were ill-use met the diagnostic criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder by age 21. Some problems include depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and suicide attempts. Other psychological and emotional effects include panic attacks, attention-deficit/ hyperactive disorder, depression, anger, and posttraumatic stress. (Child considerably- creation Information Gate dash, 2008)PHYSICAL EFFECTS be delimitd, as immediate physical abuse can be relatively tyke, such(prenominal) as bruises or cuts. It can alike be very severe such as broken bones, hemorrhage, or even death. Physical effects in some cases can be temporary, however the pain and suffering they cause a child should not be discounted. Several studies have shown adults who experience abuse or neglect during childhood is more likely to suffer from physical ailments such as allergies, arthritis, asthma, bronchiti s, and high blood pressure. (Child Welfargon Information Gate manner, 2008)B. STATISTICS1. VULNERABILITYIn over 90 percent of child sexual abuses causes, the offender is lastn and trusted by the victim. Grooming is the process used by the offend ender to recruiter and prepare a child for sexual victimization. It starts when the offender targets a specific child. While all children are at risk for victimization, certain factors make some children more vulnerable to sexual abuse than others. For usage, a child is especially susceptible if he or she feels unloved, has low self-esteem, has little contact with act adults or regularly spends time unsupervised. Sex offenders commonaltyengage children by spending time with them, acting games with them, and showing them special attention or giving them gifts. Older children or teens may be offe inflamed drugs or alcohol. Offenders forge an emotional adhesion through frequent contact, positive interaction and by conveying the child or te en that they belowstand or can appreciate their interests and concerns.In time the emotional bond leads to non-sexual physical contact which can take the form of physical play such as wrestling, affection, pitiful etc. In this way the offender tests the childs boundaries, gradually turning into sexual touch. unremarkably if the child is older the child starts to become uncomfortable or fearful of the sexual activity. Offenders typically threat the child to keep them from speaking up. Most child victims are caught in a web of fear, fault and confusion as a result of the sex offenders grooming and manipulation. Sadly, some(prenominal) child victims remain silent to the highest degree their abuse. (Bisquera)2. INDICATORS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSEIndicators of child sexual abuse are varied and should always be considered in the context of what else is happening in a childs life. Any one indicator, on its own, is a sign that something may be impacting a childs well being. Some behavior indicators can be unexplained change in a childs comfort level (either attachment or fear) around any person in a position of trust. They could show abrupt changes in performance in aim or home. A strong difference in the way the child cordializes. For younger children, a sudden loss of skills could be a red flag. A child who was toilet trained could start wetting the bed.Abuse can an also include sexual behavior, often in front of others, such as self-exposure, masturbation, touching others peoples private parts, sexual language. In older children or teens this might be seen as promiscuous behavior. Physical indicators such as bruises, scratches, irritation/ itching around genitals that are not consistent with explanations of how they happened. A victim who is not sexually active could show signs of sexual transmitted diseases, such as crabs, herpes, and gonorrhea. They could also experience mettle or soreness around areas of penetration. revealing blood in their stool or ur ine should also cause some concern when it is not explained by other conditions. Underwear is often where proof of abuse may exist. (Bisquera)C. EXPERT STATEMENTS1. FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCEOverall cases of child sexual abuse fell more than 60 percent from 1992 to 2010, according to David Finkelhor, a leading expert on sexual abuse. The evidence for this reject comes from a variety of indicators. It includes national surveys of child abuse and crime victimization. The crime statistics are compiled by the F.B.I summary of data from the National Data Archive On Child Abuse and Neglect and annual surveys of school students in Minnesota. All of the data pointed in the resembling passion. From 1990 to 2010 cases of sexual abuse divulge the axeped from 23 per 10,000 children to 8.6 per 10,000 children. All of the subjects were downstairs the age of 18. Researches found a 62 percent decrease. There was a 3 percent drop from 2009 to 2010. The Minnesota Student Survey also reported a 29 percent decline in reports of sexual abuse by an adult who was not a family member from1992 to 2010. They also saw a 28 percent drop in reports of sexual abuse by a family member. At the same time, the volitioningness of children to report sexual abuses has increased. They found that in 50 percent of sexual abuse cases, the childs victimization had been reported to an authority, compared with 25 percent in 1992. (Goode, 2012)2. COMMON MOTIVES OF OFFENDERSStudies on who commits child sexual abuse vary in their findings, simply the around common finding is that the majority of sexual offenders are family members or is otherwise known to the child. Sexual abuse by strangers is not nearly as common as sexual abuse by a family member. Reasearch gain ground shows that men perpetrate most instances of sexual abuse, besides in that respect are cases that women are the offenders. Despite a common myth, Homosexual men are not more likely to sexually abuse children than heterosexual men . (American psychological association, 2011) About 73% of child sexual abusers report experiencing sexual abuse in their own childhood. Not all pedophiles are child molesters.Pedophilia is a clinical term that describes a person who has had repeated arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors link to sexual activities with children for at least six months. Pedophiles do notnecessarily have to act on their urges. Sexual offenders have the same attraction to children, but they act on their urges. Sexual offenders come from all backgrounds and social classes. They do their best to become friends with parents, and then they work to gain the childs trust. (64 facts of 2012)II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE A. HISTORY1. THE RISE OF PUBLIC CONCERNPublic concern about child abuse has steadily increased. The number of referrals to child protection services in recent years has move up every year since the 1960s. It is not clear if the increase of reporting is due to a higher resultant of abu se or a widening of the definition of abuse. (Eileen, 2008) Sexual abuse of children was not taken bad until 1964 when congress passed the Child Abuse and Prevent and Treatment Act. This established reporting requirements of odded cases. Among some experts in that respect was a tendency to deny that sexual abuse had lasting consequences. Researchers have now found that there are long-term emotional problems that surface. (Mintz,2012) A contributing factor to the ontogeny creation concern is also widely publicized deaths. Although the field of child protection services date back to the nineteenth century, public concern has rarely reached the present level of intensity. (Polsky, 1991)2. CIVIL LAWSUITSChild abuse statues have been enacted in most states to provide civil immunity for those fashioning good faith reports of suspected child abuse. Most states also provide immunity from criminal liability. Physicians, nurses and social workers are required to report suspected child a buse that comes before them in some states failure to report a case carries criminal penalties as well as civil liability.B. KEY ISSUES1. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE?There are short term and long-term impacts of sexual child abuse. Depression, anxiety, amnesia, disengagement and numbing are just a few have the psychological and emotional responses victims experience. As children become adults they can suffer intimacy disturbance, making it hard for them to physically and emotionally have a healthy relationship. Suicidal thoughts and co-dependence are also long-term impacts of sexual abuse.WHAT TO DO IF YOU THINK A CHILD YOU KNOW HAS BEEN THE VICTIM OF CHILD ABUSE emit up but choose the time and place sharefully. Do not ask the child about his or her abuse in front of the person you think may be abusing the child. Ask them questions. Find out if anyone has been making them feel uncomfortable. They many not know they are being abused themselves or know its wrong. Follo w up on whatever made you concerned. Ask in a non-judgmental way using the word I rather than you so they dont feel shamed. Building a trusting relationship with the child is also important. They should know how to say no and when something does make them feel uncomfortable, they should split up a trusted adult. Most importantly, children should know that some parts of their body are private. (RAINN, 2009)PROVING SEXUAL ABUSEMany child abuse cases must be proved using circumstantial evidence because direct evidence is not available. In many instances, the child is unable to tell what happened, and the offender does not ordinarily disclose the truth. Inferences are therefore very important in providing child abuse. Some sexual abuse requires proof of forcible compulsion. When the victim is a child, the child abuses often submits to the advances of adults who have parental or sympathetic authorities over the child. (Tomas J., 2010)C. MOST RECENT inquiry 1. UNDERREPORTED AND LIGHT LY PROSECUTEDChild abuse is greatly underreported and under estimated mostly because of the lack of an agreed- upon definition of abuse. Underreporting is related to several factors. Children over the age of 5 often care for or know their abuser. Therefore, they find themselves trapped between the need for affection and a sense that something is wrong. Cases of sexual child abuse are often lightly prosecuted because of minimal communication betweenthe prosecutors office and child protected services.2. POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONSSome children overcome the physical and physiological effects of child abuse. Those with strong social moderate can adapt and cope with bad experiences. For many others, however, child abuse has lifelong consequences, For example, child abuse may result in physical, behavioral, emotion and mental issues. Some physical issues include disabilities and health problems. Abuse of others or frequent, causal sex with many different partners (sexual promiscuity) or teen pregnancy is an example of behavioral issues. Emotional issues can include low self-esteem, difficulty establishing or maintaining relationship, challenges with intimacy and trust. (Mayo Clinic, 2010)D. INFORMATION FOR THE EXPERTS1. RESEARCH REGARDING PREVENTION STRATEGIES FROM EXPERTSExperts nominate correcting the imbalance between adult and children by empowering children. First off information is power. Children who know their own bodies are more likely to choose when, how, and by whom they are touched. Self esteem mental synthesis and experts also suggest self-defense skills. Lastly children need resources. They should have a network of trusted adults they can turn to. (Torbin,2002)2. PROTECTING CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL ABUSEThe first step in protecting children from sexual abuse is recognizing telltale symptoms. Changes in attitude and rebellion at school could point to an underling problem. It is important to ameliorate children about their body parts by understanding what is private. Adults need to be aware of their childs surrounding at school or in a childcare setting. Parents should educate themselves on red flags to protect their child from sexual abuse.III. SUMMARY A. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 1. ABOUT RESEARCHDespite our prevention effort, much(prenominal) more must be done to decrease the incidents of child abuse and neglect. Our efforts should be directed to changes in the percentage system, changes in society, and additional research. One of the hopes for the future lies in research, not only to further define and understand abuse but also to evaluate existing programs. Only though out perpetration to change and our willingness to research what will create a better future will we combat the growing problem of sexual child abuse.2. ABOUT PROGRAMSWith child protection agencies are responsible for direct discussion form investigation and case management. These agencies can be hampered if there is not communicatory and public support for their wor k, which includes offering programs to help prevent child sexual abuse. There needs to be more grand community awareness and education to reduce harm.B. SOCIETYS CONCERN WITH CRIMESociety is helping the system make changes in order to reduce the rate of child abuse. Research is needed to further define and understand abuse. Evaluation is also needed for the existing programs. Commitment to change and willingness to research will create a better future to combat the growing problem of sexual child abuse.IV. certaintyA. THE PROBLEM REVISITED WITH OPINIONSChild abuse is always been a problem, and in recent year it has made its way to the spotlight. Many people are willing to talk about them being a victim as a child. The more people feel comfortable talking about child sexual abuse. The less it will become a crime. Children become victims because of their vulnerability of trusting adults and unaware of the wrong. If you think a child you know has been a victim of child sexual abuse t hing you can do is to give the child a safe environment in which to talk to you or another trusted adult. instigate the child to talk about what he or she hasexperienced, but be careful not to suggest events to him or her that may not of happened. Reassure the child that they did not do anything wrong. Seek mental tending for the child. Being aware that many states uprightnesss require that persons who know or have a reason to suspect that a child has been sexual abuses must report that abuse to either a local law informant officials or child protection officials. Our future generation needs to feel protected from being a victim of child sexual abuse.B. SUGGESTION OF POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS.1. PROGRAMSThe best way to prevent child abuse is educate parents about child abuse. Most parents feel that this could never happen to them. When it happens the parents are in shock, but when they learn some warning signs, they are able to point them out. There are many free programs that can teach parents how to educate their children on protecting themselves from child abuse. The reality is when there are budget cuts these programs that protect our future generations are the first to get cut.2. POLICYHaving Policys in school districts and childcare environments can be the solution to protecting children. One suggestion would be to have restrictions on when and where is acceptable for a child to alone with adult. This policy does not only protect the child, but it protects the adult from false accusations.3. LAWSLaws against child sexual abuse can very by pastoral. Based on the local definition of who is a child and what constitutes sexual abuse. As the age of the consent to sexual behaviors varies from country to country, so do definitions of child sexual abuse. An adults sexual intercourse with a minor below the legal age of consent may sometimes be referred to statutory rape establish on the principle that any apparent consent by a minor could not be considered legal cons ent.References_American psychological association_. (2011). Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http//www.apa.org/pubs/info/brochures/sex-abuse.aspxA.D.A.M. (2012). _New york times_. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http//health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/child-abuse-sexual/overview.htmlBisquera, A. _Child sexual abuse_. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http//satchawaii.com/get-info-about- child-sexual-abuse.aspx_Child advocacy resource and consultation center_. (n.d.). Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http//www.nyscarcc.org/abuse/abuse.phpChild Welfare Information Gateway. (2008). _Factsheets_. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from https//www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/long_term_consequences.cfEileen , M. (2008). (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California SAGE Publications. Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http//books.google.com/books?id=0nkvffIwK5YC&pg=PA80&dq=rise of public concern child abuse&hl=en&sa=X&ei=n4tQUdO1OqHQiwKnqICQCw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBgGoode, E. (2012, June 28). Research ers see decline in child sexual abuse rate. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http//www.nytimes.com/2012/06/29/us/rate- of-child-sexual- abuse-on-the-decline.html?_r=0Mayo Clinic. (2010, July 1). _Child abuse Complications_. Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/child-abuse/DS01099/DSECTION=complicationsMintz, S. (2012, July 13). Placing childhood sexual abuse in historicalperspective. Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http//blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2012/07/13/placing-childhood-sexual-abuse-i n-historical-perspective/Polsky, A. (1991). _The rise of the therapeutic state_. (1st ed.). Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press. Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http//books.google.com/books?id=fngqbWhPLmsC&pg=PA202&dq=rise of public concern child abuse&hl=en&sa=X&ei=n4tQUdO1OqHQiwKnqICQCw&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCARAINN. (2009). _Child sexual abuse_. Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http//www.rainn.org/get- information/types-of-sexual-assault/child-sexual-abuse/if-you-suspectSue , A. M. (1996). _The reality of abuse_. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http//www.yesican.org/stats.htmlTomas J., G. (2010). _Criminal evidence Principles and cases_. (7th ed.). Belmont, CA Wadsworth. Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http//books.google.com/books?id=AlBYw53p9f4C&pg=PA81&dq=proving sexual abuse&hl=en&sa=X&ei=G6ZQUaqVF8LJigKV_IDICg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAw(2012). 64 facts of.. child sexual abuse. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http//facts.randomhistory.com/child-sexual-abuse-facts.html

Born in East LA

At the end of Cheech Marins natural in East L. A. (1987), a pair of undocumented Chinese immigrants who guide been trained by Rudy (Marin) in the art of walking, talking, and gesturing like Mexican-Americans successfully act Mexican-American in front of a police officer to move and assure him that they indeed be natives. Of concern to both Lowe and Oboler is the unequal status of minorities as members of the United States content community and citizenry. Basically, the U. S. citizen has been defined as a white male.This subsequently has meant that especially persons of color have been conceived in the popular mind as outside of the boundaries of the American community (Oboler 19). Thus, persons of color argon denied the extension of full citizenship rights (Oboler 28) they are denied protection of their privileges and. . . local body (Berlant 113). Fregoso indicates that with natural in East L. A. Cheech Marin parodies the second level of meaning at which Born in the USA had b een disarticulated from its typifying elements of working-class discourse and rearticulated as an expression of racist and patriotic discourse (56).Marin fundamentally uses to his advantage the nativist logic which results in Born in the USA being taken to signify foreigners (or non-whites) go home (Fregoso 56). His objective is to intervene into the definition of Americans as whites. Underpinning white nativists appropriation of Born in the USA is the extremely narrow reasoning that America cash in 1s chipss to whites because whites are born here. Marin intervenes by indicating that Mexican-Americans besides are born in the USA. Thus, brown people are natives too (Fregoso 56) .When caught up in an Immigration raid, Rudy declares, I was born in East L. A. , to the INS officer to announce his right to be in the United States unharassed. Rudy is also implicitly telling the officer that by birthright he (Rudy) is an equal citizen to the officer and entitled to the resembling freed oms that the officer and any early(a) (white) citizen enjoy. Of course, despite the fact that Rudy declares that he was born in East L. A. , and frankincense a citizen by his nativeness, he is deported.In fact, when he attempts to align himself with INS officers as their bloke American citizen, Rudy is thoroughly rejected. To the officer at the toy factory, Rudy is merely a nonher bean in a bean bag. As he is escorted to the INS van, Rudys appeals to the officers that I am an American citizen are for naught, for he is briskly ushered into the van with the rest of the non-citizen Mexicans. In the INS office in Tijuana, Rudy tells the white officer, Its good to talk to a American but the officer does not accept Rudy as his equal, and in conclusion condemns him to Mexico where you belong. Highly symbolic of the repudiation of Mexican-Americans claims to citizenship equal to that of white Americans is the scene in the INS van when Rudy, banging on the door which separates the depor tees from the INS driver, screams, Im an American. I went to Belmont High, you idiot. Although Rudy is creating quite an uproar, he is not heard by the driver simply because the driver has on a set of headphones. Literally his assertions (shouts) of his membership in the U. S. study community are tuned out.This non-reception of Rudys shouts reflects the refusal of white America to heed persons of color justified demands for equal status as citizens. Rudy just cannot convince U. S. border officials that he is an American and therefore has the right to return to the United States (Cortes 47) they simply depart not hear his claims. All of Rudys encounters with INS officers thus dramatize the exclusion of persons of color from the national community which Lowe and Oboler discuss.Moreover, the negation of Rudys citizenship makes macroscopic the contradictions inherent in white-American nativist logic. With his wallet at home, Rudy finds himself without identification. Thus, he is wit hout any documentation which can back up his claims to citizenship. Without such documentation, his body is all that can be read by the INS officers, whose job it is to regulate who is deep down the nation and who should be kept out. Ultimately, Rudy is deported because he is deemed not-American by virtue of his brown body.His English, Dodgers hat, and knowledge of U. S. popular gloss (as demonstrated by his knowledge of Death Valley Days and John Wayne) are completely disregard as signifiers of his Americanness. Instead, his brown body is taken as a more important signifier. Rudy, on the other hand, is literally excluded from the U. S. citizenry because of of his brown body. Once in Mexico Rudy feels himself to be in a foreign land. The unfamiliarity of Mexico and Mexicans to Rudy is played out to represent Rudys Americanness.For instance, in the INS van headed to Tijuana, Rudy is an outsider amongst the Mexicans. Unable to give tongue to Spanish, he is ultimately called by o ne of the Mexicans a pocho pendejo, a pejorative reference usually intended to refer to Mexican-Americans who cannot speak Spanish and who, subsequently, are deemed less Mexican. In fact, as he is captured by Border Patrol officers on one of his attempts to cross the border, Rudy proclaims, Im an American citizen. I dont even speak Spanish. Whereas the Spanish language is commonly utilize as an identifier of Hispanics (Oboler 12), Marin presents a pocho Rudy to make more obvious Rudys American identity. Basically, to present Mexican-Americans as brown Americans, Born on East L. A. plays on Rudys/Mexican-Americans pagan distance from Mexico and Mexicans. Edward Simmen posits that Mexicans-Americans physical and cultural distance from Mexico accounts for the uniqueness, if not unrelatablity, of Mexican-Americans when compared to Mexicans in Mexico. He statesAfter all, it is difficult to deny the fact that the contemporary Mexican-American, while he may have firm cultural roots in Me xico, is actually only a distant cousin to the Mexicano backup in present-day Mexico a distance that is rapidly increasing with each peeled generation, with each new educational opportunity offered to and taken by the Mexican-American, and certainly with each mile the Mexican-American moves north from the border. (17) I dont belong here in downtown TJ cause I was born in East L. A. Although of Mexican descent, Rudy is not on the nose Mexican. Within Mexico and amongst Mexicans, Rudy is an outsider, rendered so by his different socio-cultural experiences and subsequent sense of self. Rudy does not, however, come across as a whited Mexican. When he aligns himself with white Americans, it is as a fellow American citizen, and not as a fellow white. This distinction is crucial for understanding the cultural identity politics of the film. Rudys forced journey to Mexico, however, does not expedite some personal reconciliation with a lost or repressed dimension to his identity.Instead, he wants to go home, This type of nationalism is effective in its contestation of white-American nativism as well in its depiction of a securely distinct identity. Fregoso says, though, that by the end of the film, when Rudy crosses back with a mass of immigrants, he crosses back as a collective subject instead of as an individual (68). She says Rudys forced residence in Tijuana effectuate a transformation in his subject position. By living like an immigrant, experiencing the difficulties of trying to make it across, Rudy gains a new awareness. His transformation has a symbolic resonance at the level of political consciousness. 68) Carlos Cortes says that when Rudy and the immigrants rush the border, At least for the moment, the people have caused the border to disappear (47). One can take Cortess reading to refer to the excess of the borders/differences between Rudy, the Mexican immigrants, the Salvadorena Dolores, the Chinese/Indians, and whatever other groups might be present. Thus, under duress, differences give track (at least for the moment) to group consciousness. But the final sequence of the film turns on the differences between Rudy and the noncitizen others and reinscribes these differences. basic of all, in the abovementioned scene in which the undocumented Chinese immigrants pass as native Mexican-Americans, the fact of their non-citizenship contributes to Rudys sensed citizenship. And, as they are performing for the officer, Rudy is marrying the Salvadorena Dolores so she does not get arrested by the INS officers, who are in acerb pursuit of her. These two scenes really sum up the way in which the film asserts Mexican-American citizenship, for Rudys citizenship consistently emerges in relation to others noncitizenship.The narrative truth which the spectator is always let in on (Fregoso 60) is that Rudy is an American citizen, albeit one whose privileges are denied, and various others are not. It thus seems that Rudys American citizenship co mes into focus through the same process by which white Americans Americanness and citizenship become apparent both depend on others lack of citizenship. Oboler indicates that the nations white identity was forged in the nineteenth century partially through the creation of racialized perceptions that homogenized Latin Americas population (18).Likewise, Rudys identity as an American citizen is foregrounded in contrast to Mexican, Salvadorena, and Chinese others. Christine List says that Chicano features provide a public forum for Chicano cultural expression and articulate issues of Chicano identity on a national and international scale (13). Born in East L. A. sets up as its central conflict Rudys dilemma of proving his identity (List 151), specifically as an American citizen. As the film asserts his/Mexican-Americans American citizenship, it effectively intervenes into the construction of the American citizen as white.However, Mexican-American citizenship is established through other s noncitizenship. much(prenominal) a method for the recuperation of Mexican-American citizenship is troubling because it still others noncitizens. With regard to definitions of nation, Cortes states, As context or character, as goal or protection, borders have served a key role in Hollywoods exploration of the formation and renewal of our nation (42). Born in East L. A. s reformation of the nation ultimately asserts Mexican-Americans citizenship by foregrounding others noncitizenship, which is to say, others fundamental outsiderness in relation to the U. S. national community.